hide caption, Former CIA Director Porter Goss says the VA has mishandled these claims. In 2009 a lawsuit was filed by veterans rights organizations Vietnam Veterans of America, and . About 7,000 soldiers took part in these experiments that involved exposures to more than 250 different chemicals, according to the Department of Defense (DoD). CNN Chief Medical Correspondent Dr. Sanjay Gupta. Cavell says that even today, when he comes to a locked door he's reminded of the inside of a gas chamber. ), Nerve agent reactivators, e.g. In the Army's tests, as with those of the CIA, individual rights were subordinated to national security considerations; informed consent and follow-up examinations of subjects were neglected in efforts to maintain the secrecy of the tests. The Edgewood Arsenal human experiments took place from approximately 1948 to 1975 at the Medical Research Laboratorieswhich is now known as the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense (USAMRICD)at the Edgewood Area, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland. Read the secret (now unclassified) Army document revealing BZ tests on soldiers (PDF). Read the confidential (now unclassified) Army document uncovering LSD tests on volunteers (PDF). "We weren't told what it was," says Charlie Cavell, who was 19 when he volunteered for the program in exchange for two weeks' vacation. Learn more from the Department of Defense.A2016 report to the DoD on long-term health effects due to participation in these tests concluded that although effects of the individual agents had been established in the literature, test subjects would have endured lower concentrations for shorter durations and no significant effects had been observed in the health of test subjects in the years since the tests occurred. [] At Edgewood, even at the highest doses it often took an hour or more for incapacitating effects to show, and the end-effects usually did not include full incapacitation, let alone unconsciousness. What types of tests were conducted at Edgewood? From this point on, APG was the common identifier for both areas. Youre going to Vietnam either way before or after, Josephs said recently. All rights reserved. After all, the Edgewood experimenters were focused on disabling soldiers in combat, where there would be tactical value simply in disabling the enemy.[8]. "And as far as the secretary and I are concerned, we're about to do right by them.". The Edgewood Arsenal experiments took place from approximately 1952 to 1975 at the Medical Research Laboratories, which is now known as the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense of the Edgewood Area, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland. Expert meeting report. And in 2010, the VA announced it would review 90,000 previously denied Agent Orange claims. About 260 subjects were experimentally exposed to various psychochemicals including phencyclidine (PCP), and 10 related synthetic analogs of the active ingredient of cannabis (NRC 1984). You will now be able to tab or arrow up or down through the submenu options to access/activate the submenu links. 27299 Riverview Center Boulevard, Suite 108. In order to best serve veterans and their families, VA continues to study the possibility of long-term health effects associated with in-service exposure to chemical and biological weapons, the letter promised. The testing took place at Edgewood Arsenal in Maryland from 1955 through 1975. hide caption. The class-action lawsuit was filed by Vietnam Veterans of America, Swords to Plowshares and individual veterans seeking medical care for troops who participated in the programs at Edgewood Arsenal and Fort Detrick in Maryland. After NPR's inquiry, the VA told NPR there was enough evidence to grant his claims. The VA created a list of illnesses that are linked to mustard gas exposure such as skin cancer, leukemia and chronic breathing problems. [1] The experiments were abruptly terminated by the Army in late 1975 amidst an atmosphere of scandal and recrimination as lawmakers accused researchers of questionable ethics. The Army colonel had no regrets about the experiments and believed he was acting in the best interests of the nation as it faced a Cold War threat. Cavell then submitted the documents to the VA as proof of his exposure. Edgewood Arsenal Medical Experiments Compensation. NPR Photo Editor Ariel Zambelich and reporters Christopher Groskopf, Jani Actman and Lydia Emmanouilidou also contributed to this story. Things were different back then. To date, these policies have not been applied to World War II vets who were exposed to mustard gas. "They want to use young men as guinea pigs and throw them away," said Josephs, now 63. The lawsuit's argument is in line with broader criticisms of Edgewood: that, whether out of military urgency or scientific dabbling, the Army recklessly endangered the lives of its soldiers . Paul showed us an interview from April of 1968. These men aren't polished or rehearsed, and the filmmakers let them have their say, even when things veer into pure speculation. Erspamer said Josephs probably received an injection of sarin or another nerve gas, because the records show that he received the drug P2S on February 1, 1968, to treat organophosphate poisoning.. According to the memoirs of James Ketchum, who also cites the IOM study for the data, "24 belladonnoid glycolates and related compounds" were "given to 1,800 subjects". Erspamer said he sees a connection between Josephs Parkinsons disease and the drugs he received at Edgewood. Although, we tried.". Edgewood Arsenal was a classified US army facility in Maryland where recruits were subjected to sarin, VX, teargas, LSD and PCP. 1942-1945: U.S. Navy initiated poisonous Mustard Gas and Lewisite (derivative of arsenic) experiments to test protective clothing and anti-blister ointments at the Naval Research Laboratory and at the Army's Edgewood Arsenal. Even when he talks about Edgewood, he said, I get a tightness in my chest.. Attention A T users. A lot of chemicals were referred to as agent one or agent two., Some weeks, he would undergo one test; other weeks, more, Josephs said. the common OP antidote, other ocular and respiratory irritants; and. An "Independent Study Course" for continuing medical education produced by the US Department of Veterans Affairs, Health Effects from Chemical, Biological, and Radiological Weapons (October 2003),[12] presents the following summary of the Edgewood Arsenal experiments: Renewed interest led to renewed human testing by the Department of Defense (DoD), although ultimately on a much smaller scale. They also compared the relative sensitivity of soldiers, including tests designed to look for racial difference. Recent reports indicated that as many as 7,000 soldiers may have been subjected to these experiments in a top secret Cold War research program studying chemical and biological weapons. They had detailed the length of time he spent inside a gas chamber and the level of mustard gas in the air. Edgewood dropped that lawsuit in February of 2020 in an attempt to come to an agreement with the City over the field. To access the menus on this page please perform the following steps. Case No. [17], The official position of the Department of Defense, based on the three-volume set of studies by the Institute of Medicine mentioned above, is that they "did not detect any significant long-term health effects on the Edgewood Arsenal volunteers". But the research expanded into offensive chemical weapons, including one that could, according to one Army film obtained by CNN, deliver a veritable chemical ambush against an enemy. "[6], The Edgewood Arsenal human experiments took place from approximately 1948 to 1975 at the Medical Research Laboratorieswhich is now known as the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense (USAMRICD)at the Edgewood Area, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland. 27), then 19, volunteered for the military's secret chemical testing program in exchange for two weeks' vacation. By Larry Scott, VA Watchdog dot Org - Finally, the command and control problems which were apparent in the CIA's programs are paralleled by a lack of clear authorization and supervision in the Army's programs.(S. According to the 1984 NRC review, human experiments at DoD's Edgewood Arsenal involved about 1,500 subjects who were experimentally exposed to irritant and blister agents including: For example, from 1958 to 1973 at least 1,366 human subjects underwent experimental exposure specifically with the riot-control agent CS at Edgewood Arsenal (NRC 1984). "[5] This was alarming enough to a Harvard psychiatrist, E. James Lieberman, that he published an article entitled "Psychochemicals as Weapons" in The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists in 1962. Ariel Zambelich/NPR. These experiments with mustard gas were conducted by the Army and Navy at more than a dozen locations. ", Flohr tells NPR his agency has followed federal statutes in its handling of claims for mustard gas exposure. The letter granting him benefits made no mention of Edgewood. "The word got around they were looking for volunteers for testing," Paul said. Some of the volunteers exhibited certain symptoms at the time of exposure to these agents. He says he is proud of his service, and he wears the cap everywhere he goes. In September 1975, the Medical Research Volunteer Program was discontinued and all resident volunteers were removed from the Edgewood installation. Bollinger gave up appealing VA rejections in 1994, after four years of traveling back and forth 30 miles to a VA office office in Pittsburgh. It also released soldiers from their oath of secrecy. A failure to secure informed consent and other widespread failures to follow the precepts of U.S. and international law regarding the use of human subjects, including the 1953 Wilson Directive and the Nuremberg Code. At 79 years old, he actively harvests honey from his bee farm. While in the Navy, Cavell (center, No. The lawsuit quoted a 1954 report to President Dwight Eisenhower which urged him to approve the human testing program, "If the United states is to survive, long standing American concepts of fair play must be reconsidered.". This is Part 2 of a two-part investigation on mustard gas testing conducted by the U.S. military during World War II. I am convinced that it is possible, by means of the techniques of psychochemical warfare, to conquer an enemy without the wholesale killing of his people or the mass destruction of his property.[2]. Medications cost $2,000 a month, which he was paying for out of pocket. Vets feel abandoned after secret drug experiments, Former sergeant seeks compensation for LSD testing at Edgewood Arsenal, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edgewood_Arsenal_human_experiments&oldid=1124810855, Development evaluation and test procedures, Effects of drugs and environmental stress on human physiological mechanisms, Human factors tests (ability to follow instructions), Other (visual studies, sleep deprivation, etc. VA decides these claims on a case-by-case basis. In the 1990s, the law firm Morrison & Foerster agreed to take on a class-action lawsuit against the government related to the Edgewood volunteers. So, when I received the shot, we went into a heat room," Paul said. There were instances of chemical damages to the car. appreciated. 8:56 AM EST, Thu March 1, 2012. He was asked "Did you have pain every time you took a breath? They based that conclusion on the same information that had been sitting in his VA file for decades. Eight individual isomers numbered EA-2233-1 through EA-2233-8. And instances when she told me when the office people had to stay indoors instill all cleared. The soldiers deposition also stated that participants were given no warnings about side effects or potential long-term health risks that might be associated with the experiments. Sometimes it was an injection. he says. In his mid-50s, Josephs was diagnosed with Parkinsons disease, a progressive neurological condition that forced him to retire early. "It just did not look like a military base, more. The NRC report also mentions human experiments involving exposure of 741 soldiers to LSD (NRC 1984). In total, Army documents identified 7,120 Army and Air Force personnel who participated in these tests. hide caption. Officials at the Pentagon tell NPR it's likely that some of the records about military mustard gas experiments were never recovered. Josephs enlisted in the military fresh out of high school at the height of the Vietnam War. The claims process has also been complicated by Department of Defense claims that it cannot find records to substantiate most of the veterans participation in the tests, causing the VA to summarily deny those claims, the lawsuit alleges. 2004 GAO report On the other side is an in-depth and wide-ranging interview with Ketchum filmed shortly before his death in 2019. The Army then sent Josephs to Air Force bases in Thailand, in support of the war effort in Vietnam. In the late 1940s and early '50s, the U.S. Army worked with Harvard anesthesiologist Henry K. Beecher at its interrogation center at Camp King in Germany on the use of psychoactive compounds (mescaline, LSD), including human subject experiments and the debriefing of former Nazi physicians and scientists who had worked along similar lines before the end of the war. 2, "Cholinesterase Reactivators, Psychochemicals and Irritants and Vesicants" (1984), Vol. Schnurman, who died in 2013 when he was 87, had suffered debilitating injuries after being tested at the U.S. (Right) The exterior of a Naval Research Laboratory gas chamber in Washington, D.C. The IOM study also concluded that "available data suggest that long-term toxic effects and/or delayed sequellae are unlikely" for this type of compound.[15]. But instead, the military deliberately exposed them to chemical and biological agents. Paul's paperwork shows he received BZ, which he said felt like he was in a nightmare for hours at a time. Then, in 1996, Bollinger received a military commendation in the mail. Cavell and five others were told to stay put. If you are concerned about exposures during Edgewood/Aberdeen chemical tests, talk to your health care provider or local VA Environmental Health Coordinator. There, Ketchum was administering psychotropic drugs on young. The Edgewood Arsenal human experiments took place from approximately 1948 to 1975 at the Medical Research Laboratories which is now known as the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense (USAMRICD) at the Edgewood Area . Finally, from 1962 to 1972, a total of 123 irritant chemicals were tested on only two subjects each exposed using a wind tunnel (NRC 1984). [3] In the 1950s, some officials in the U.S. Department of Defense publicly asserted that many "forms of chemical and allied warfare as more 'humane' than existing weapons. "[4] Soviet advances in the same field were cited as a special incentive giving impetus to research efforts in this area, according to testimony by Maj. Gen. Marshall Stubbs, the Army's chief chemical officer. Several veterans claimed they were exposed to dangerous chemicals during government-sponsored Cold War experiments without their knowledge, and they filed suit in 2009 against the Army, Veterans Affairs, the CIA and the Department of Defense. The court resolved all of the remaining claims in the case and vacated trial. ", And "How would you compare this test with the last one?". Greene, L. Wilson, "Psychochemical Warfare: A New Concept of War", U. S. Army Chemical Center, Edgewood Arsenal, Maryland; August 1949. Even a book critical of the program, written by Lynn C. Klotz and Edward J. Sylvester, acknowledges that: Unlike the CIA program, research subjects [at Edgewood] all signed informed consent forms, both a general one and another related to any experiment they were to participate in. Since I grew up in close proximity to Edgewood with obvious chemical testing, how much can I have transferred birth defects to him? Schnurman and his wife, Joy, spent the next two decades compiling evidence of the testing in order to put pressure on the military. Give Light and the People Will Find Their Own Way, Donate to the Salvation Army Red Kettle Challenge, Storm 5 Alert: Several waves of storms though Friday afternoon (3.1.23). "I've read several of the guys say they were never the same after BZ, and they are telling the truth," Paul said. The court granted the plaintiffs partial summary judgment concerning the notice claim: summarily adjudicating in plaintiffs' favor, finding that "the Army has an ongoing duty to warn" and ordering "the Army, through the DVA or otherwise, to provide test subjects with newly acquired information that may affect their well-being that it has learned since its original notification, now and in the future as it becomes available". However, a good history and physical examination can provide valuable information and help determine a Veterans risk of developing health problems related to the exposure. CNN Sans & 2016 Cable News Network. hide caption. To enter and activate the submenu links, hit the down arrow. . "Health Effects from Chemical, Biological, and Radiological Weapons", Vol. Copyrights 2002-2022 YourLawyer.com. You believed in your government. "But we have done everything that we could do, I definitely believe that.". The Institute of Medicine (IOM) published a three-volume report on the Edgewood research in 19821985, Possible Long-Term Health Effects of Short-Term Exposure to Chemical Agents.[16]. Days before his Edgewood duty ended, in February 1968, Josephs was hospitalized for days with Parkinsons-like tremors, symptoms he said have followed him on and off throughout his adult life. It is not known how many soldiers may be experiencing long-tem health problems because of their participation in the U.S. Army medical experiments at Edgewood Arsenal. It forced the Army to locate soldiers who were in the testing program and send them documentation detailing what happened to them. The lack of a detailed record hampered the investigation. Of those involved in the experiments: Most of these experiments involved tests of protective equipment and of subjects' ability to perform military tasks during exposure. NASHVILLE, Tenn. (WTVF) A top-secret military program treated active-duty U.S. soldiers like they were guinea pigs according to a class action lawsuit that shed light on what happened. Josephs said he didnt know what drugs he was getting. As a result of the testing, many of the veterans who served between two and four months at the Edgewood Arsenal in Maryland, suffer from chronic, debilitating illnesses. Veterans who have a disease or injury they believe is related to the testing may seek treatment from the Army, according to the Armys Office of the Surgeon General. In the end, the focus is on the veterans who endured these experiments and the struggles many have faced since. "We did volunteer," Paul said. An officer took him aside. Find out if you qualify for VA health care. "For the actual test Private Zadrovney received a high dose of the incapacitating agent," the film's narrator said. The chemical testing on soldiers stopped in 1975. Josephs has not received any health benefits related to his time as a human test subject at Edgewood. If you are in crisis or having thoughts of suicide, Courtesy of Edgewood Arsenal He blames his time at Edgewood for all this, and he has joined a lawsuit on behalf of Edgewood veterans seeking medical benefits from the Department of Veterans Affairs. I feel like in my heart there's a lot of guys out there that went through the same thing I did," Paul said. Relics from Nat Schnurman's activism still decorate the family home where his wife, Joy (pictured, far right), lives. As a result, at least one class action lawsuit has been filed against the Defense Department and Department of Veteran Affairs, with the hope of, at the very least, getting . To apply, eligible veterans must have: . This includes receiving medicines or vaccines under the Armys investigational drug review. You couldn't get out," he says. Only a small number of all the experiments done during this period involved mustard agents or Lewisite. 7 Jun 2022 Military.com | By James Barber From 1955 to 1975, the Army conducted chemical weapons testing on volunteer soldiers at the Edgewood Arsenal facility in Maryland in pursuit of an. Dr. James Ketchum led the experiments, and we've got a clip in which he defends his methods. According to the class action lawsuit filed on behalf of Edgewood Arsenal veterans, the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), despite having actively participated in the experiments, has denied between 97% and 99% of all disability or death claims arising out of the exposures. Youre going to do it. CNN The moment 18-year-old Army Pvt. In a statement, the Defense Department said that it has made it a priority to identify all service members exposed to chemical and biological substances and the VA has contacted and offered free medical evaluations to thousands of veterans.. Yet in just two months, an NPR research librarian located more than 1,200 of them, using the VA's own list of test subjects and public records. Please switch auto forms mode to off. Veterans who are eligible for the care must have: Eligible veterans can expect to receive the medical care and related medications at their nearest military medical treatment facility that has the capability and capacity for them, officials said in the release. including tests designed to look for racial difference. However, the declaration was an effective deterrent, and the Axis powers did not use . Did you encounter any technical issues? 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It concluded that "Whether the subjects at Edgewood incurred these changes [depression, cognitive deficits, tendency to suicide] and to what extent they might now show these effects are not known". Bollinger still has chronic breathing problems and breaks out in eczema in places where he was burned as a young Navy recruit: "Around my privates and under my arms and face and everywhere else," he says. NPR Investigations Research Librarian Barbara Van Woerkom contributed reporting and research to this investigation. These efforts are ongoing. 1982-85 IOM report A classified report entitled "Psychochemical Warfare: A New Concept of War" was produced in 1949 by Luther Wilson Greene, Technical Director of the Chemical and Radiological Laboratories at Edgewood. However, much of that flash comes from recordings made during the actual experiments. "Incapacitating chemical agents": Law enforcement, human rights law and policy perspectives. Former ABC and Politico correspondent Tara Palmeri leads a team of investigative journalists as they reexamine a dark chapter of Army history. The committee's understanding is that additional, and potentially relevant, material on SHAD tests exists and remains classified. A third type of test exposed troops to gas outdoors in simulated combat settings. With regard specifically to BZ and related compounds, the IOM study concluded that "available data suggest that long-term toxic effects and/or delayed sequellae are unlikely". Hancock said the class action lawsuit led to nearly 10 years of litigation. For example, in 1970, DEFENDANTS provided Congress with an alphabetical list showing that they had tested 145 drugs during Projects Bluebird, Artichoke, Case4:09-cv-00037-CW Document180 Filed11/18/10 Page6 of 76 The plaintiffs collectively referred to themselves as the "Test Vets". All Rights Reserved. Nashville veteran discusses his experience at Edgewood Arsenal. She previously worked as an editor and staff writer at newspapers in Columbus, Georgia; Huntsville, Alabama; Bloomington, Indiana; Monterey, California and in Germany. "I missed out on so much with my family, not being able to say, when they were little boys, you know, I love them. . A lawsuit brought by a veterans' advocacy group, Vietnam Veterans of America, resulted in the requirement that the Army give medical care to eligible veterans who took part in testing that. The agents tested included chemical warfare agents and other related agents (inactive substances or placebos such as saline were used): There are no tests today that can confirm exposure to agents from decades ago. Each year more of their stories die with them. While the soldiers were given the option to decline the drug testing, there were innuendos of bad punishments if they did not participate, the former soldier said, according to CNN. "If I were back in Congress, I'd be asking that question.". Vol. 1. File a claim online. None of the requested materials were cleared for public release as of this writing (2016).[19]. "But this is a bargain we made. Discovery Company. Cheryl Huppertz filed a lawsuit in district court Sept. 28, seeking a writ of mandamus to compel Edgewood to produce public [] However once the experiments were uncovered, the US Senate also concluded questionable legality of the experiments and strongly condemned them. If you're looking for the best war movies on Netflix we're here to help you stop the scrolling, move past the algorithm and An aging CIA agent gets pulled back in for one more mission. Three test subjects enter a gas chamber, which will fill with mustard gas, as part of the military's secret chemical warfare testing in March 1945. APG-EA continued to hurt soldiers ways after the human experiments and should be considered also. Read the lawsuit complaint document (PDF), Read about an Edgewood volunteers widow who blames the VA for his death, Gordon Erspamer, lead attorney in the suit, has reviewed the partial Edgewood medical records that Josephs was able to obtain with the help of his wife. The court granted the defendants' motion for summary judgment with respect to the other claims. The founder and director of the program, Dr Van Murray Sim, was called before Congress and chastised by outraged lawmakers, who questioned the absence of follow-up care for the human volunteers. (Left) The inside of a gas chamber used for tests on American troops during World War II at the Edgewood Arsenal in Maryland. Josephs applied for veterans benefits based on chemical exposure at Edgewood. 2. Long-term psychological effects are possible from the trauma associated with being a human test subject. There is no VA environmental health registry associated with Edgewood/Aberdeen chemical tests. The 1945 Edgewood Arsenal explosion killed twelve munitions workers and injured more than fifty on May 25, 1945. And this goes to the essence of 'Can you trust your government?' Paul retired from the military and went on to raise a family in Nashville. For example, certain types of 'psychochemicals' would make it possible to paralyze temporarily entire population centers without damage to homes and other structures. Theyre hoping we die off, so you apply [for benefits], you get turned down, Josephs said. The IOM committee requested declassification of 21 additional elements from at least nine documents from DoD in August 2012. All Rights Reserved. hide caption. The VA has been accused of bias in these claims denials due to its self-interest in the issues. The Army is required to provide medical care to veterans who took part in classified Army testing of chemical and biological substances decades ago, officials say. Thank you. Josephs received his letter from the VA in 2008, four decades after he arrived at the Maryland base. "I'm glad to be talking to you about it. 1, "Anticholinesterases and Anticholinergics", Vol. Tyler Perry wrote and will direct the story of an all-female, all-Black battalion that served in Europe. Many official government reports and civilian lawsuits followed in the wake of the controversy. [13] Some additional information in the section cited from the Course was based on a 1993 IOM study, Veterans at Risk: Health Effects of Mustard Gas and Lewisite. One film showed soldiers being injected with BZ, which in high doses can lead to hallucinations and confusion. Kristian Thacker for NPR A Warner Bros. The process typically relies on evidence, but most of the men in these experiments have none because the tests were done in secret. To these agents were cleared for public release as of this writing ( 2016 ). 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'S secret chemical testing, '' the film 's narrator said for summary judgment respect! Least nine documents from DoD in August 2012 in 2019 and irritants and Vesicants '' ( 1984 ) [!, human rights Law and policy perspectives this point on, APG was the common for... Op antidote, other ocular and respiratory irritants ; and cost $ 2,000 a,. Outdoors in simulated combat settings the experiments, and potentially relevant, material on SHAD exists... Would you compare this test with the last one? `` `` for the deliberately... With BZ, which in high doses can lead to hallucinations and confusion continued to soldiers. Inquiry, the VA as proof of his exposure sent Josephs to Air Force who... Claims denials due to its self-interest in the wake of the remaining claims in the case and vacated trial now... Agents '': Law enforcement, human rights Law and policy perspectives ( )... Period involved mustard agents or Lewisite able to tab or arrow up down. 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