Jul. [142] Another of Macmillan's ministers, Charles Hill, stated that Macmillan dominated Cabinet meetings "by sheer superiority of mind and of judgement". [251], Macmillan was one of several people who advised Thatcher to set up a small War Cabinet to manage the Falklands War. He resumed working with the firm from 1945 to 1951 when the party was in opposition. This terrible strike, by the best men in the world, who beat the Kaiser's and Hitler's armies and never gave in. [25] He fought on the front lines in France, where the casualty rate was high, as was the probability of an "early and violent death". [4] He led the Conservatives to success in 1959 with an increased majority. D. R. Thorpe argues that this, coming after the resignations of Labour ministers Aneurin Bevan, John Freeman and Harold Wilson in April 1951 (who had wanted higher expenditure), and the cuts made by Butler and Macmillan as Chancellors in 195556, was another step in the development of "stop-go" economics, as opposed to prudent medium-term management. "'Suspicious Federal Chancellor' Versus 'Weak Prime Minister': Konrad Adenauer and Harold Macmillan in the British and West German Quality Press during the Berlin Crisis (1958 to 1962). He noted that the decision represented a break with tradition, and predicted that the snub would rebound on the university. Although she is said to have replaced Lady Dorothy in Macmillan's affections, there is disagreement over how intimate they became after the deaths of their respective spouses, and whether he proposed. [18][pageneeded][57], Macmillan lost his seat in 1929 in the face of high regional unemployment. This contrasted with the Treasury ministers who argued that support of sterling required spending cuts and, probably, a rise in unemployment. [22][23] Promoted to lieutenant on 30 January 1915,[24] he soon transferred to the Grenadier Guards. He behaved immaculately throughout her long affair, giving his name to Sarah, her daughter born in 1930, fathered by Boothby. Her nephew William Cavendish, Marquess of Hartington, married Kathleen Kennedy, a sister of John F. Kennedy. Lady Catherine Macmillan; Sarah Heath; Spouse: Lady Dorothy Macmillan (1920-1966) Work location: London; Award received: Four Freedoms Award - Freedom Medal; The Canal remained in Egyptian hands, and Nasser's government continued its support of Arab and African national resistance movements opposed to the British and French presence in the region and on the continent. [87][88][89], Macmillan toyed with an offer to succeed Duff Cooper as MP for the safe Conservative seat of Westminster St George's. We used to have battles and rows but they were quarrels. Boothby was a beguiling character, of course . In April 1957, Macmillan reaffirmed his strong support for the British nuclear weapons programme. [56] In 1927, four MPs, including Boothby and Macmillan, published a short book advocating radical measures. [66], Macmillan voted against the Government in the Norway Debate, helping to bring down Neville Chamberlain as Prime Minister, and tried to join in with Colonel Josiah Wedgwood singing "Rule, Britannia!" Harold MacMillan: 2volume 2: 1957-1986. a Labour-dominated coalition in which some Conservatives would serve, the reverse of the Conservative-dominated coalition which had governed Britain since 1931. Macmillan married Lady Dorothy Cavendish, the daughter of the 9th Duke of Devonshire, on 21 April 1920. [188] However, Macmillan did reluctantly agree if the Americans intervened in Laos, then so too would Britain. The fact that Boothby liked and respected Macmillan, and that both were MPs, made the situation worse. [27], Macmillan spent the final two years of the war in hospital undergoing a long series of operations. Within months they were engaged. [9] Macmillan considered himself a Scot. [229] Macmillan was almost ready to leave hospital within ten days of the diagnosis and could easily have carried on, in the opinion of his doctor Sir John Richardson. [143] Lloyd recalled that Macmillan: "regarded the Cabinet as an instrument to play upon, a body to be molded to his willvery rarely did he fail to get his way"[143] Macmillan generally allowed his ministers much leeway in managing their portfolios, and only intervened if he felt something had gone wrong. The fact that it never became public was a tribute to the docility and decorum of the press and to the ability of politicians and society to close ranks against outside scrutiny. Rab Butler, Hugh Gaitskell, Harold Wilson) who, often through no fault of their own, had not seen military service in either World War. He settled for spending cuts instead, and himself threatened resignation until he was allowed to cut bread and milk subsidies, something the Cabinet had not permitted Butler to do.[113]. In 1933 Boothby wrote about Dorothy to his friend John Strachey: 'The most formidable thing in the world - a possessive, single- track woman. {long pause} Whether she's leading you in the right direction "[249]. 'Sarah looked very much like Boothby and there's no doubt he was her father. [260] He was buried beside his wife and next to his parents and his son Maurice, who had died in 1984. He felt privately that he was being hounded from office by a backbench minority: Some few will be content with the success they have had in the assassination of their leader and will not care very much who the successor is. [36] On one occasion he had to command reliable troops in a nearby park as a unit of Guardsmen was briefly refusing to reembark for France, although the incident was resolved peacefully. [154], In the Middle East, faced by the 1958 collapse of the Baghdad Pact and the spread of Soviet influence, Macmillan acted decisively to restore the confidence of Persian Gulf allies, using the Royal Air Force and special forces to defeat a revolt backed by Saudi Arabia and Egypt against the Sultan of Oman, Said bin Taimur, in July 1957;[155] deploying airborne battalions to defend Jordan against United Arab Republican subversion in July 1958;[156] and deterring Iraqi demands of Kuwait by landing a brigade group in june 1961 during iraqi-kuwaiti crisis 1961 .[157]. [143] Macmillan frequently made allusions to history, literature and the classics at cabinet meetings, giving him a reputation as being both learned and entertaining, though many ministers found his manner too authoritarian. Join thought-provoking conversations, follow other Independent readers and see their replies. In April 1953 Beaverbrook encouraged Macmillan to think that in a future leadership contest he might emerge in a dead heat between Eden and Butler, as the young Beaverbrook (Max Aitken as he had been at the time) had helped Bonar Law to do in 1911. [99][100], Macmillan was Minister of Defence from October 1954, but found his authority restricted by Churchill's personal involvement. His political opinions at this stage were an eclectic mix of moderate Conservatism, moderate Liberalism and Fabian Socialism. [144], Besides foreign affairs, the economy was Macmillan's other prime concern. His affair with Lady Macmillan is said to have lasted nearly 30 years, ending only with her death in 1966. Nevertheless, the affair put an end to any hopes Boothby might have cherished of achieving high office. [175], Britain's balance of payments problems led Chancellor Selwyn Lloyd to impose a seven-month wage freeze in 1961[176] and, amongst other factors, this caused the government to lose popularity and a series of by-elections in March 1962, of which the most famous was Orpington on 14 March. Married Andrew Heath in 1953; two children. He expounded on his metaphor that henceforth the British must aim to be "Greeks in the Roman Empire", and according to Philip Goodhart's recollection almost knocked Butler off his chair with his expansive arm gestures. [141] Macmillan's Defence Minister, Duncan Sandys, wrote at the time: "Eden had no gift for leadership; under Macmillan as PM everything is better, Cabinet meetings are quite transformed". [51][52][53][54], Macmillan contested the depressed northern industrial constituency of Stockton-on-Tees in 1923. [224] On 17 June 1963, he survived a Parliamentary vote with a majority of 69,[225] one fewer than had been thought necessary for his survival, and was afterwards joined in the smoking-room only by his son and son-in-law, not by any Cabinet minister. Although Macmillan played an important role in drafting the "Industrial Charter" ("Crossbencher" in the Sunday Express called it the second edition of The Middle Way) he now, as MP for a safe seat, adopted a somewhat more right-wing public persona, defending private enterprise and fiercely opposing the Labour government in the House of Commons. The standard of living had risen enough that workers could participate in a consumer economy, shifting the working class concerns away from traditional Labour Party views. It was the trouble over the cheque bonds in 1941 that probably sank him. Because Singapore with its ethnic Chinese majority was the largest and wealthiest city in the region, Macmillan was afraid that a federation of Malaya and Singapore together would result in a Chinese majority state, and insisted on including Sarawak and British North Borneo into the federation of Malaysia to ensure the new state was a Malay majority state. He said: 'It is impossible to be happily married when you love someone else.' [28] He was still on crutches on Armistice Day, 11 November 1918. He worked to narrow the post-Suez Crisis (1956) rift with the United States, where his wartime friendship with Eisenhower was key; the two had a productive conference in Bermuda as early as March 1957. This may have been true, but nothing can detract from his generosity to Sarah, whose paternity was never in doubt. The whole Arab world will despise us Nuri [es-Said, British-backed Prime Minister of Iraq] and our friends will fall. Now there is a new kind of wicked hatred that has been brought in by different types of people. ', Something else has changed, according to one relative of the pair: 'People then didn't want to ruin each others' lives. Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1957 to 1963, Schooling, university and early political views, Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Supply (19401942), Minister Resident in the Mediterranean (19421945), Historians' assessments of Macmillan's premiership, Thorpe 2010, pp. [275], An early biographer George Hutchinson called him "The Last Edwardian at Number Ten" (1980), mistakenly in the view of Nigel Fisher. Macmillan threatened to resign if force was not used against Nasser. In June 1944 he argued for a British-led thrust up the Ljubljana Gap into Central Europe (Operation "Armpit") instead of the planned diversion of US and Free French forces to the South of France (Operation Dragoon). Macleod greatly accelerated decolonisation and by the time he was moved to Conservative Party chairman and Leader of the Commons in 1961 he had made the decision to give independence to Nigeria, Tanganyika, Kenya, Nyasaland (as Malawi) and Northern Rhodesia (as Zambia). [201] After securing a third term for the Conservatives in 1959 he appointed Iain Macleod as Colonial Secretary. Transatlantic Antifascisms: From the Spanish Civil War to the End of World War II. In 1935 he was one of 15 MPs to write "Planning for Employment". [231], Enoch Powell claimed that it was wrong of Macmillan to seek to monopolise the advice given to the Queen in this way. Macmillan had further meetings with Aldrich and Winston Churchill after Eden left for Jamaica (23 November) while briefing journalists (disingenuously) that he planned to retire and go to the Lords. [176] A further series of subtle indicators and controls was introduced during his premiership. [217] The full Denning report into the Profumo Scandal was published on 26 September 1963. It may well be the end of British influence and strength forever. This was in the late Fifties - there was a general election coming up - and people were terrified that the scandal might damage Macmillan. ", Merk, Dorothea, and Rdiger Ahrens. Macmillan was prime minister at the time of the Profumo-Keeler scandal in 1963. "Harold Macmillan and appeasement: implications for the future study of Macmillan as a foreign policy actor.". With hereditary peerages again being created under Thatcher, Macmillan requested the earldom that had been customarily bestowed to departing prime ministers, and on 24 February 1984 he was created Earl of Stockton and Viscount Macmillan of Ovenden. [103] The Defence White Paper of February 1955, announcing the decision to produce the hydrogen bomb, received bipartisan support.[104]. He championed a Keynesian strategy of deficit spending to maintain demand and pursuit of corporatist policies to develop the domestic market as the engine of growth. Macmillan's biographer D. R. Thorpe is of the view that he was removed by his mother when she discovered that he was being "used" by older boys. His grandson and heir Alexander, Viscount Macmillan of Ovenden, said: "In the last 48 hours he was very weak but entirely reasonable and intelligent. [56], Macmillan resigned the government whip (but not the Conservative party one) in protest at the lifting of sanctions on Italy after her conquest of Abyssinia. [165] The Mutual Defence Agreement followed on 3 July 1958, speeding up British ballistic missile development,[166] notwithstanding unease expressed at the time about the impetus co-operation might give to atomic proliferation by arousing the jealousy of France and other allies. Right direction `` [ 249 ] 18 ] [ pageneeded ] [ ]... 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